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Introduction to thermoelectric effect

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The total thermoelectric effect consists of five different effects occurring simultaneously. The three effects of Seebeck, Peltier and Thomson indicate that the mutual conversion of electricity and heat energy is directly reversible. The other two effects are the irreversible effects of heat, namely the Joule and Fourier effects.

1.1 The first thermoelectric effect --- Seebeck effect:
Seeback effect refers to the thermoelectric phenomenon that the voltage difference between two materials is caused by the temperature difference between two different electrical conductors or semiconductors. The most direct application of Seebeck is thermoelectric generator. To illustrate the Seebeck effect, let's look at the schematic diagram of the thermocouple closed loop in Figure 1.1 below. The two metals are marked as material X and material Y. Seebeck effect

Figure 1.1
In a typical temperature measurement application, thermocouple A is kept at a relatively low temperature Tc as a reference temperature. The B end of thermocouple is used to measure the required temperature Th. When terminal B is heated, voltage will appear at both ends of T1 and T2. This voltage V0 is also called Seebeck electromotive force,
It can be expressed as V0=axy × (Th – Tc).
Where, V0 is the output voltage, in V;
Axy represents the difference between the Seebeck coefficients of two materials, in V/K;
Th and Tc represent the hot end and cold end temperatures of the thermocouple respectively, and the unit is K.